RADARS
Most important as well as a basis tool in Air-defense..
Indian Air Defence network via a communications system using both HF/VHF radio sets and telephone lines. A more advanced communications system based on fibre optic cables and satellite communications would also assist the MOPS in reporting to the radar picket line. The radar picket line, which lies about-93 miles (150km) behind the MOPs, consists of a number of radar clusters. These comprise three radar stations separated at a distance of the sum of their radii. The equipment issued to these clusters generally comprisesone Sovietera ST -68/U
and two P-18/-19 radars. These are then flanked by two P-12/-15 radars. The
ST-68/U acts as the Control and Reporting Centre (CRC). This may have changed somewhat
as the ST-68U, which was plagued with nagging development problems, was
supposed to replace older Soviet-made equipment. The ST-68/U is known by NATO
as the Tin Shield radar and has a maximum range of some 217 miles (350km). It
is optimised for the detection of low-flying aircraft and cruise missiles
employing electronic countermeasures (ECM). Moreover, India has been producing the
French-designed TRS-2215D 3-D surveillance radar under licence for a number of
years and has derived from that an indigenously built radar - PSM-33 Mk 2. This
has probably supplanted most of the older Soviet-bloc equipment. The TRS-2215D
and PSM-33 Mk.2 have surveillance ranges of up to 317 (510km) with a peak power
output of 660-700kW operating in the E/F bands and possess a very significant
ECCM capability. The old P-12 and even the P-18/-19 families of radars are a
different matter. While these systems have a respectable detection range, they
are very much of an older vintage and have been severely compromised after their
use in the Arab-Israeli wars and other conflicts. Their replacement by the
ST-68/U was plagued by technical problems and the replacement of the older
radars may not yet be complete. A number of Air Defence Control Centres (ADCCs)
are located behind the radar picket line. The radar picket line and the ADCC
are separated by a layer of air defence weapons which are the first to engage
the intruders. The backbone of the Indian Air Defence Ground Environment system
is the huge THD-1955 3-D long-range surveillance radar that was once in
widespread use throughout NATO. This radar, originally of French design, has
been licence-built in India
for a number of years. This E/F-band radar, though somewhat elderly, still
offers sterling performance characteristics and is capable of maximum detection
ranges of up to 620 miles (1,000km), though the Indian Air Force usually limits
its power to a 250 miles (400km) detection range. These form the core of the
ADCCs. The THD-1955 has a peak operating power of up to 20MW, though its normal
operating power is usually 2MW. The radar has comprehensive ECM/ECCM
capabilities and has no real detection altitude limitation. If the radar has
one disadvantage, it is its sheer size. The Indian Air Force has undertaken to
upgrade these radars with digital signal processing and clutter removal
techniques. The ADGES communication system is also being updated by the
digitalisation of the analogue links and back-up satellite and fibre-optic
communications. The IAF uses extensive microwave communications
systems and mobile digital troposcatter terminals. Like the ADGES, the BADZ
consists of three layers. The first of these are the mobile observation posts,
followed by a mixed layer of weapons and their associated radars, along with a
picket line of low-level radars. These are, in turn, supported by anti-aircraft
artillery batteries. This network is controlled by a ST68U radar, supported by
other radars such as the TRS-2215D and the PSM-33. Low-level detection gaps are
filled by the Indian-made Indra-1 radar which has a range of 30 miles (50km).
The BADZ provides comprehensive and gapfree coverage over its assigned area of
responsibility. Some observers have likened the BADZ set-up to the defence
pattern of a carrier battle group. Any aircraft attacking a vital military
target, therefore, not only has to get past the ADGES, but also the far more
formidable BADZ. This has serious implications for the attacking force. India 's air
defences currently rely on a mix of MiG-21/-23/-29 and Mirage 2000 interceptors
and 38 squadrons of surface-to-air missiles. The SAM units comprise 30
squadrons of SA-3b Pechoras (NATO code-name Goa) and four to eight squadrons of
SA-8b Osa-AKM (NATO Gecko) systems which are deployed to protect key air bases
as well as some major military/industrial centres. Though the SAMs are old,
they have been updated periodically and, when operating as part of the BADZ,
are deployed in such a manner as to minimize their shortcomings. In addition, a
large number of L-40/70 radardirected 40mm anti-aircraft guns and manportable
Igla-1M (SA-16 Gimlet) SAMs are deployed to provide a 'last-ditch' tier of
'hardkill' defences. It should be pointed out, however, that this system is
geared up to the defence of point targets and not for overall area defence. It
also lacks a viable capability against ballistic missiles. With this in mind,
the Indian Air Force has begun a massive modernisation of its strategic air
defences. Surface-to-air missiles and anti-aircraft guns The backbone of the
Indian SAM network is the S-125 (SA-3b Goa) Pechora
medium-range SAM. This missile is getting on in age, but has been successfully
upgraded with new ECCM and new seeker heads to prolong its service life. The
current SAM network is estimated to be equipped with up to 30 squadrons of
Pechoras and four to eight squadrons of SA-8b Gecko. The Pechora
has a range of around 15 miles (25km) and a ceiling of 59,055ft (18,000m),
though it is possible that the upgrades may have increased the range to 20
miles (32km) and the ceiling to 65,600ft (20,000m). Moreover, the Low Blow
radar associated with the system has been fitted with TV cameras with a 15-mile
(24km) range (it is possible that these may be fitted with effective
night-vision devices) enabling the system to engage targets in an intense ECM
environment. It has been reported that India is seriously considering an
offer by the Russians to upgrade the Pechoras even further - to Pechora-2
standard. The Pechora is due for replacement
by the Indian Akash (Sky) SAM. This system has a range of 15 miles (24km) and a
ceiling of 32,800-59,055ft (10-18km) and has significant growth potential. The
Akash is controlled by a phased-array surveillance and target engagement radar
- the Rajendra - and is capable of handling multiple (between 64 and 100)
aerial targets at all altitudes and at ranges of up to 37 miles (60km). The
Akash/Rajendra combination, both elements of which are mounted on a modified
Russian BMP-1 chassis, was successfully tested at the end of September 1999.
Like many Indian missiles, the Akash has had a turbulent development process
owing to its sophistication. However, this is nearing its end and user trials
of the system may be expected in a year or so. Rather surprisingly, it appears
that at least a few V-75 (SA-2 Guideline) units are still fully operational and
more can be reactivated from reserve stocks should the IAF
ever require them. For shortrange defence, the IAF operates
a few squadrons of SA-8b Gecko (Osa-AKM). This missile, with a range of 9 miles
(15km) and a ceiling of 39,700ft (12km), defends several key air bases along
the India/Pakistani border. Though the SA-8b is still a very viable missile
system, a replacement is nearing service. The Trishul (Trident) missile, with a
5Y2-mile (9km) range and an extremely rapid reaction time, is on the verge of
entering user trials and should, in the coming years, supplement and then
replace the SA-8b. Last-ditch hard-kill defences are in the hands of a
substantial number of Igla-1M (SA-16 Gimlet) man-portable SAMs and a large
number of anti-aircraft artillery regiments from the Indian army operating
licence-built Bofors 40mm L-40/70 anti-aircraft guns. The AA guns are radar
directed by a mix of licence-made 'Flycatcher' and 'Super Fledermaus' and the
indigenous 'PIW-519' radars. The 'Super Fledermaus', though ageing, has been
extensively upgraded and now represents a very capable tracking radar with
significant capability against difficult, low-flying targets such as cruise
missiles. The upgraded radar has a range of 56 miles (90km) and is fitted with
a new digital fire control computer. In addition, licence-built Dutch
'Reporter' radars are used for low-level target detection. This system has a
range of 25 miles (40km) and can track up to 20 targets simultaneously. India is upgrading
its flak batteries with improved electro-optical fire-control equipment such as
laser rangefinders and thermal imagers. Airborne Early Warning India has,
rather surprisingly, not made an offthe-shelf purchase of an AEW system, though
the Ilyushin/Beriev A-50 Mainstay was reportedly offered. Instead, India has
focussed its energies on developing its own AEW system based, initially, on the
HS-748 airframe. The work, done by the Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS) has
made very substantial progress in AEW active and passive detection systems and
in data processing. The low-cost AEW system developed was able to produce the
respectable performance of being able to detect 50 targets at ranges of 124-155
miles (200-250km). This is a remarkable feat given the very limited power
generation capacity of the HS-748 airframe. One of the AEW prototypes was
recently lost in a tragic accident just when CABS was ready to progress to a
full-fledged system on an 11-76 Candid platform. This loss will further delay
the programme by up to three years. Nevertheless, India
has made significant progress towards fielding an AEW system based on
indigenous technology and it is likely that an Indian AWACS may grace South Asia 's skies within the next five to seven years.
However, in mid-1999, Israel
was requested to prepare a price quotation for the possible purchase of three
Phalcon AEW systems. This system has a detection range of roughly 217-248 miles
(350-400km) and can handle at least 200 targets simultaneously. The Russians
promptly responded with an offer of three A-50s. Anti-Tactical Ballistic
Missile Further to these developments, news began leaking out about the
deployment from 1998 onwards of an Anti-Tactical Ballistic Missile (ATBM)
screen. This system is to comprise the Russian S-300V (SA-10 Grumble) low to
high altitude SAM and India 's
own 'Akash' missile, both of which have the potential for considerable ATBM
capability. In March 1997, the Indian press confirmed these reports, stating
that one S-300V squadron was being purchased, with more to come in the future.
These would provide a comprehensive defence against ballistic missiles as well
as manned aircraft coming in from either Pakistan
or China .
These 'ersatz' ATBMs may not be able to intercept all incoming missiles, but
they would provide an additional layer of defence, although such a screen is
unlikely to be fully operational within less than ten years. On the other hand,
it is possible that India
will opt to use S-300 technology to enhance its Akash missile in terms of
range, speed and ceiling as well as missile detection, tracking and engagement.
This would be more in line with India 's
desire to develop indigenous systems wherever possible, rather than rely on
imports of weapons which may be compromised at a future date. Reports have also
indicated that India has
ordered two Elta M-2080 ballistic missile detection/tracking and engagement
radars from Israel
for delivery in 2001. This radar is associated with Israel 's Arrow ATBM system. Army
Air Defences The Indian Army also operates substantial numbers of mobile SAMS.
The Corps of Air Defence Artillery (CADA) controls two huge SAM Groups - 501
and 502 - equipped with SA-6 Gainful (2K12E Kvadrat) mobile SAMS and several
point defence SAM regiments that operate a mix of SA-8a/b Gecko (Osa-AK/M),
SA-9 Gaskin (9K31 Strela-1) and SA-13 Gopher (9K35 Strela-10) systems.
Sufficient Igla-1M (SA-16) systems exist to theoretically equip every infantry
battalion. CADA also possesses several regiments of ZSU-23-4 Shilka and 2S6M Tanguska
selfpropelled anti-aircraft guns - the Tanguska being also equipped with eight
SA-19 Grison (9M311) SAMS. All of the Bofors L-40/70 regiments are, as
mentioned before, operated by CADA - though some additional regiments may be
operated by India 's
reserve Territorial Army. Five regiments operated towed ZU-23-2 AA guns, while
hundreds of ageing 40mm Bofors L-40/60s are held in storage - though some have
found their way into the Indian Navy and Coast Guard. 
Most important as well as a basis tool in Air-defense..
Indian Air Defence network via a communications system using both HF/VHF radio sets and telephone lines. A more advanced communications system based on fibre optic cables and satellite communications would also assist the MOPS in reporting to the radar picket line. The radar picket line, which lies about-93 miles (150km) behind the MOPs, consists of a number of radar clusters. These comprise three radar stations separated at a distance of the sum of their radii. The equipment issued to these clusters generally comprises
P-15 'Flatface' Radar of a
SA-3, though its heavily use in mass for surveillance, The P-15 was designed to
detect aircraft flying at low altitude, The P-15 uses two open frame elliptical
parabolic antenna accomplishing both transmission and reception, each antenna
being fed by a single antenna feed. The radar can rapidly shift its frequency
to one of four pre-set frequencies to avoid active interference with passive
interference being removed by a coherent doppler filter. Azimuth was determined
by mechanical scanning with an associated accompanying PRV-11 (NATO reporting
name "Side Net") used to determine elevation. A secondary radar for
IFF is generally used in conjunction with the P-15,
Frequency UHF
Range
Altitude 3 km
Diameter 11 meters
Azimuth 360 degrees
Elevation 2-14 degrees
Precision 0.3 km range
Power 270 kW
Altitude 3 km
Diameter 11 meters
Azimuth 360 degrees
Elevation 2-14 degrees
Precision 0.3 km range
Power 270 kW
It is a variant of INDRA radar for ground controlled
interception of targets. The radar uses pulse compression for detection of low
flying aircraft in heavy ground clutter with high range resolution and ECCM
capabilities. The radar has been produced by Bharat Electronics Limited and is
used by Indian Air Force and Army. Seven INDRA-IIs have been ordered by the
Indian Air Force.
Features
* Fully coherent system
* Frequency agility
* Pulse compression
* Advanced signal processing using MTD and CFAR Techniques
* Track while scan for 2-D tracking
* Full tracking capabilities for manoeuvering targets
* Multicolour PPI Raster Scan Display, presenting both MTI and Synthetic Video
* Integral IFF
* Ease of transportation and fast deployment
System characteristics
* Range up to 90 km (for small sized fighter aircraft)
* Height coverage 35m to 3000m subject to Radar horizon
* Probability of detection : 90% (Single scan)
* Probability of false alarm: 10E-6
* Track While Scan (TWS) for 2D tracking
* Capability to handle 200 tracks
* Association of primary and secondary targets
* Automatic target data transmission to a digital modem/networking of radars
* Deployment time of about 60 minutes
Features
* Fully coherent system
* Frequency agility
* Pulse compression
* Advanced signal processing using MTD and CFAR Techniques
* Track while scan for 2-D tracking
* Full tracking capabilities for manoeuvering targets
* Multicolour PPI Raster Scan Display, presenting both MTI and Synthetic Video
* Integral IFF
* Ease of transportation and fast deployment
System characteristics
* Range up to 90 km (for small sized fighter aircraft)
* Height coverage 35m to 3000m subject to Radar horizon
* Probability of detection : 90% (Single scan)
* Probability of false alarm: 10E-6
* Track While Scan (TWS) for 2D tracking
* Capability to handle 200 tracks
* Association of primary and secondary targets
* Automatic target data transmission to a digital modem/networking of radars
* Deployment time of about 60 minutes
The ST-68 'Tin Shield' Radar equip mobile 'TRU's or
Transportable Radar Units in the Indian Air Force. The ST-68/U is known by NATO
as the 'Tin Shield' radar and has a maximum range of some 350 km with a peak
power output of 1.23MW, operating in the S/E/F bands. It is optimised for the
detection of low-flying aircraft and cruise missiles
PSM-33 Mk.2 have surveillance ranges of up to 317 (510km)
with a peak power output of 660-700kW operating in the E/F bands and possess a
very significant ECCM capability.
The backbone of the Indian Air Defence Ground Environment
system is the huge THD-1955 3-D long-range surveillance radar that was once in
widespread use in NATO. This radar, originally of French design, has been
license produced in India
for a number of years. This THD-1955 E/F-band radar, though somewhat elderly,
still has sterling performance characteristics and is capable of maximum
detection ranges of up to 1000 km, though the Indian Air Force usually limits
its power to a 400km detection range.
Interdiction operations in the Tibetan plateau should pay
good dividends. SU-30MKI could be effectively employed in this role by the IAF.
CAS operations in the NE sector are likely to be hampered because of the
terrain and the prevailing weather. In the Aksai Chin sector shortage of IAF
airfields in the vicinity of the TBA would reduce the available effort, though
attack helicopters would prove effective in both sectors. Heliborne operations
could pay rich dividends in moving small forces for sabotage behind
enemy-lines.
India
would also have to invest in more modern Electronic Warfare equipment and
develop or purchase anti-radiation missiles. IAF ALCM of PJ-10 is vary helpful weapon in destroying Enemy Infrastructure Inside TBA..
India need to concentrate attacks on PLA supply-lines once the PLAAF airfield are out of action, The supply routes in tibet specially rail and road networks needed to be cutoff, This action benifit in two ways:
1. This will slow the repir work on Chinese side..
2. It will IA & IAF enough time to attack vulnerable PLA posts..
India needs to concentrate on SEAD missions too, As it is expected that every PLA critical position ( C&C, arty, Supply Convoys etc ) will be protected by mobile AAA & SAMs
Anti-Radiation Missiles:
R-27P
One more variant of the R-27 is an R-27P (AA-10D "Alamo-D") missile with a passive seeker. This is an anti-radar homing missile launched against aircraft using active radars, such as AWACS and jamming aircraft. Missile's long-range variant with an extended range engine is the R-27PE.
http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-...ederation.html
AGM-88
Weight : 355 kilograms (780 lb)
Length : 4.1 metres (13 ft)
Diameter: 254 millimetres (10.0 in)
Detonation mechanism : FMU-111/B laser proximity fuze
Operational range : 57 nautical miles (66 mi; 106 km)
Speed : 2,280 kilometres per hour (1,420 mph)
Guidance system : Passive radar homing with home-on-jam, EHF active radar homing in E variant. 500-20,000 MHz for AGM-88C
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-88
KH-31P
Kh-31P - passive seeker head for use as an anti-radiation missile. Stays at high altitude throughout its flight, allowing higher speeds and increasing range to 110 km (60 nmi; 70 mi). The seeker has three interchangeable modules to cover different radar frequency bands, but they can only be changed at the factory
develop or purchase anti-radiation missiles. IAF ALCM of PJ-10 is vary helpful weapon in destroying Enemy Infrastructure Inside TBA..
India need to concentrate attacks on PLA supply-lines once the PLAAF airfield are out of action, The supply routes in tibet specially rail and road networks needed to be cutoff, This action benifit in two ways:
1. This will slow the repir work on Chinese side..
2. It will IA & IAF enough time to attack vulnerable PLA posts..
India needs to concentrate on SEAD missions too, As it is expected that every PLA critical position ( C&C, arty, Supply Convoys etc ) will be protected by mobile AAA & SAMs
Anti-Radiation Missiles:
R-27P
One more variant of the R-27 is an R-27P (AA-10D "Alamo-D") missile with a passive seeker. This is an anti-radar homing missile launched against aircraft using active radars, such as AWACS and jamming aircraft. Missile's long-range variant with an extended range engine is the R-27PE.
http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-...ederation.html
AGM-88
Weight : 355 kilograms (780 lb)
Length : 4.1 metres (13 ft)
Diameter: 254 millimetres (10.0 in)
Detonation mechanism : FMU-111/B laser proximity fuze
Operational range : 57 nautical miles (66 mi; 106 km)
Speed : 2,280 kilometres per hour (1,420 mph)
Guidance system : Passive radar homing with home-on-jam, EHF active radar homing in E variant. 500-20,000 MHz for AGM-88C
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-88
KH-31P
Kh-31P - passive seeker head for use as an anti-radiation missile. Stays at high altitude throughout its flight, allowing higher speeds and increasing range to 110 km (60 nmi; 70 mi). The seeker has three interchangeable modules to cover different radar frequency bands, but they can only be changed at the factory
IAF fighters..
IAF can hit Tibetan PLAAF bases with long range fighters-like SU-30MKI and newly induced LCA, with the help of in-flight refuelers IAF strike group can attack from any base in India, the strike group may consist of anti-runway and precision attack , SEAD and air-superiority fighters..
CAS will be provided
1. MIG-27
2. Mirage-2000
3. Jaguar
The Interceptor and Air-defense fighters
1. MIG-29,
2. MIG-21
3. SU-30MKI..
SEAD missions
1. MIG-27..
IAF can hit Tibetan PLAAF bases with long range fighters-like SU-30MKI and newly induced LCA, with the help of in-flight refuelers IAF strike group can attack from any base in India, the strike group may consist of anti-runway and precision attack , SEAD and air-superiority fighters..
CAS will be provided
1. MIG-27
2. Mirage-2000
3. Jaguar
The Interceptor and Air-defense fighters
1. MIG-29,
2. MIG-21
3. SU-30MKI..
SEAD missions
1. MIG-27..
IAF strike force ( Pics and details )..
IAF strike force..
IAF strike group may consist
1. Ground attack team ( Anti-run way, precision attack )
2. SEAD ( Destruction of airbase`s airdefence AAA, RADAR & SAMs )
3. Air-Superiority fighters
4. Stealth
IAF strike group may consist
1. Ground attack team ( Anti-run way, precision attack )
2. SEAD ( Destruction of airbase`s airdefence AAA, RADAR & SAMs )
3. Air-Superiority fighters
4. Stealth
The map gives idea regarding the range from nearest airbase
from LAC, In reality IAF group can launch from any where
inside India
with the help of refuelers.
Air-Superiority fighters
SU-30MKI
The Su-30MKI was jointly designed by
The Su-30MKI is more advanced than the basic Su-30MK, the Chinese Su-30MKK, and the Malaysian Su-30MKM . The aircraft features state of the art avionics developed by
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Length: 21.935 m (72.97 ft)
* Wingspan: 14.7 m (48.2 ft)
* Height: 6.36 m (20.85 ft)
* Wing area: 62.0 m² (667 ft²)
* Empty weight: 18,400 kg[62] (40,565 lb)
* Loaded weight: 24,900 kg (54,895 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 38,800 kg (85,600 lb)
* Powerplant: 2× Lyulka AL-31FP turbofans with thrust vectoring, 131 kN with afterburner (27,557 lbf) each
Performance
* Maximum speed: Mach 2.8
* Range: 3,000 km (1,620 nmi) at altitude; (1,270 km, 690 nmi near ground level; with no external fuel tanks)
* Endurance: 3.75 hrs (up to 10 hrs with in-flight refueling)
* Service ceiling: 17,300 m (56,800 ft)
* Rate of climb: >230 m/s (>45,275 ft/min)
* Wing loading: 401 kg/m² (82.3 lb/ft²)
* Thrust/weight: 1.0
Guns: 1 × GSh-30-1 gun (30 mm caliber, 150 rounds)
Air to Air Missiles:
* 10 × R-77 (AA-12) active radar homing medium range AAM, 100 km
* 10 × Astra missile active radar homing medium range AAM, 120 km
* 6 × R-27P (AA-10C) semi-active radar guided, long range AAM 130 km
* 6 × R-27P (AA-10D) Infrared homing extended range version, long range AAM 120 km
* 2 × R-27R/AA-10A semi-active radar guided, medium range AAM,80 km
* 2 × R-27T (AA-10B) infrared homing seeker, medium range AAM, 70 km
* 6 × R-73 (AA-11) short range AAM, 30 km
Ground-attack-team
Ground-attack-team
SU-30MKI
Air to Surface Missiles:
* 3 × Kh-59ME TV guided standoff Missile, 115 km
* 6 × Kh-29T/L laser guided missile, 30 km
* 4 × S-8 rocket pods (80 unguided rockets)
* 4 × S-13 rocket pods (20 unguided rockets)
Bombs:
* 8 × KAB-500L laser guided bombs
* 8 × FAB-500T dumb bombs
* 8 × RBK-500 cluster bombs
LCA
SU-30MKI
Air to Surface Missiles:
* 3 × Kh-59ME TV guided standoff Missile, 115 km
* 6 × Kh-29T/L laser guided missile, 30 km
* 4 × S-8 rocket pods (80 unguided rockets)
* 4 × S-13 rocket pods (20 unguided rockets)
Bombs:
* 8 × KAB-500L laser guided bombs
* 8 × FAB-500T dumb bombs
* 8 × RBK-500 cluster bombs
LCA
LCA is a near induction by a week with a range of 3000km same
as SU-30MKI, its a reliable platform for long range bombing..
The IAF is
reported to have a requirement for 200 single-seat and 20 two-seat conversion
trainers, while the Indian Navy may order up to 40 single-seaters to replace
its Sea Harrier FRS.51 and Harrier T.60. During its sea level flight trials off
Goa, Tejas notched a speed of over 1,350 km per hour, thus becoming the second
supersonic fighter manufactured indigenously by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
after the HAL Marut
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 13.20 m (43 ft 4 in)
* Wingspan: 8.20 m (26 ft 11 in)
* Height: 4.40 m (14 ft 9 in)
* Wing area: 38.4 m² (413 ft²)
* Empty weight: 5,680kg (12,522 lb)
* Loaded weight: 9,500 kg (20,945 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 13,500 kg (31,967 lb)
* Powerplant: 1× General Electric F404-GE-IN20 turbofan
o Dry thrust: 53.9 kN (11,250 lbf)
o Thrust with afterburner: 85 kN (19,000 lbf)
* Internal fuel capacity: 3000 liters
* External fuel capacity: 5×800 liter tanks or 3×1,200 liter tanks, totaling 4,000/3,600 liters
Performance
* Maximum speed: Mach 1.8 (2,376+ km/h at high altitude) at 15,000 m
* Range: 3000 km (1,840 mi (without refueling))
* Service ceiling: 16,500 m (54,000 ft (engine re-igniter safely capable))
* Wing loading: 221.4 kg/m² (45.35 lb/ft²)
* Thrust/weight: .91
# Bombs:
# FAB-500T dumb bombs
# RBK-500 cluster bombs
]Air-to-surface missiles:
* Kh-59ME TV guided standoff Missile
* Kh-59MK Laser guided standoff Missile
Popeye+Lite+ER
Precise strike capability has become critical for modern air warfare. RAFAEL's wide variety of sophisticated solutions enhance the operational capabilities of aircraft with highly accurate guided standoff systems including the Popeye and Have Lite missiles. Popeye is operational with the Israeli Air Force and several foreign air forces with a range of 150km.
Main features:
* Standoff ranges - effective against high value land and maritime targets
* Versatile and cost effective
* Pinpoint accuracy, lethal efficiency
* Day, night and adverse weather operation
* Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) capability
* Variety of trajectories to meet weather and threat conditions.
http://www.rafael.co.il/Marketing/33...Marketing.aspx
BetAB-150/-250/-500 Penetration Bombs
This family of penetration bombs was developed to give Russian and allied air forces a capability of attacking concrete and hardened structures such as airfield runways, concrete shelters, dams, sluices and other solid objects. Before the 1990s, the only known bombs in this family were the BetAB-150 DS and the BetAB-250. However, in the early 1990s limited details were released on two larger and more up to date bombs designated BetAB-500 and BetAB-500 ShP. The designation letters BetAB stand for betonoboynaya aviatsionnaya bomba meaning 'concrete-piercing aircraft bomb'. The designation numbers refer to the bomb size category, and any further letters signify special applications. The BetAB-500 ShP was primarily developed for cratering airfield runways and is delivered at low level and high speed. It is thought that this bomb is rocket-assisted which could account for the ShP designation. All the bombs are designed to withstand the high g forces encountered by combat manoeuvres of high-speed attack aircraft, and are fitted with standard Russian spaced suspension lugs allowing them to be carried under the wings or fuselage of some aircraft, or in the bomb bays of larger bombers. The bombs are believed to be cleared for carriage on MiG-21 'Fishbed', MiG-27 'Flogger', MiG-29 'Fulcrum', Su-22 'Fitter', Su-24 'Fencer', Su-25 'Frogfoot', Su-27 'Flanker', Tu-95 'Bear', Tu-16 'Badger', Tu-22 'Blinder' and Tu-22M 'Backfire' aircraft of the Russian and allied air forces.
http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-...ederation.html
Paveway Laser Guided Bomb Kit on a 1000lb bomb
The Paveway™ family of laser guided bombs has revolutionized tactical air-to-ground warfare by converting "dumb" bombs into precision guided munitions. Paveways made up more than half the air-to-ground precision guided weapons used in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Newer versions of Paveway™ include GPS/INS guidance capabilities.
http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/paveway/[/QUOTE]
Cluster Bomb:
CBU-97/CBU-105
General characteristics
* Type: Freefall bomb
* Weight: 927 pounds (420 kg)
* Name: CBU-97 Sensor Fused Weapon (SFW)
* Length: 92 inches (234 cm)
* Diameter: 15.6 inches (40 cm)
* Dispenser: SW-65 tactical dispenser
* Bomblets: 10 × BLU-108/B
* Warhead: Armour Piercing
* Unit Cost: $360,000 - baseline
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBU-97_Sensor_Fuzed_Weapon
RBK-500 SPBE-D CLUSTER BOMB
RBK-500 SPBE-D CLUSTER BOMB
Diameter, mm 450
Length, mm 2,485
Weight, kg 500
Number of submunitions 15
RBK-500U OAB-2.5RT
Diameter, mm 450
Length, mm 2,500
Weight, kg 500
Number of submunitions 126
RBK-500U BETAB-M
Diameter, mm 450
Length, mm 2,500
Weight, kg 480
Number of submunitions 10
RBK-500U-PTAB
Diameter, mm 450
Length, mm 2,500
Weight, kg 520
Number of submunitions 352
RBK-500U OFAB-50UD
Diameter, mm 450
Length, mm 2,500
Weight, kg 520
Number of bomblets 10
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 13.20 m (43 ft 4 in)
* Wingspan: 8.20 m (26 ft 11 in)
* Height: 4.40 m (14 ft 9 in)
* Wing area: 38.4 m² (413 ft²)
* Empty weight: 5,680kg (12,522 lb)
* Loaded weight: 9,500 kg (20,945 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 13,500 kg (31,967 lb)
* Powerplant: 1× General Electric F404-GE-IN20 turbofan
o Dry thrust: 53.9 kN (11,250 lbf)
o Thrust with afterburner: 85 kN (19,000 lbf)
* Internal fuel capacity: 3000 liters
* External fuel capacity: 5×800 liter tanks or 3×1,200 liter tanks, totaling 4,000/3,600 liters
Performance
* Maximum speed: Mach 1.8 (2,376+ km/h at high altitude) at 15,000 m
* Range: 3000 km (1,840 mi (without refueling))
* Service ceiling: 16,500 m (54,000 ft (engine re-igniter safely capable))
* Wing loading: 221.4 kg/m² (45.35 lb/ft²)
* Thrust/weight: .91
# Bombs:
# FAB-500T dumb bombs
# RBK-500 cluster bombs
]Air-to-surface missiles:
* Kh-59ME TV guided standoff Missile
* Kh-59MK Laser guided standoff Missile
Popeye+Lite+ER
Precise strike capability has become critical for modern air warfare. RAFAEL's wide variety of sophisticated solutions enhance the operational capabilities of aircraft with highly accurate guided standoff systems including the Popeye and Have Lite missiles. Popeye is operational with the Israeli Air Force and several foreign air forces with a range of 150km.
Main features:
* Standoff ranges - effective against high value land and maritime targets
* Versatile and cost effective
* Pinpoint accuracy, lethal efficiency
* Day, night and adverse weather operation
* Battle Damage Assessment (BDA) capability
* Variety of trajectories to meet weather and threat conditions.
http://www.rafael.co.il/Marketing/33...Marketing.aspx
BetAB-150/-250/-500 Penetration Bombs
This family of penetration bombs was developed to give Russian and allied air forces a capability of attacking concrete and hardened structures such as airfield runways, concrete shelters, dams, sluices and other solid objects. Before the 1990s, the only known bombs in this family were the BetAB-150 DS and the BetAB-250. However, in the early 1990s limited details were released on two larger and more up to date bombs designated BetAB-500 and BetAB-500 ShP. The designation letters BetAB stand for betonoboynaya aviatsionnaya bomba meaning 'concrete-piercing aircraft bomb'. The designation numbers refer to the bomb size category, and any further letters signify special applications. The BetAB-500 ShP was primarily developed for cratering airfield runways and is delivered at low level and high speed. It is thought that this bomb is rocket-assisted which could account for the ShP designation. All the bombs are designed to withstand the high g forces encountered by combat manoeuvres of high-speed attack aircraft, and are fitted with standard Russian spaced suspension lugs allowing them to be carried under the wings or fuselage of some aircraft, or in the bomb bays of larger bombers. The bombs are believed to be cleared for carriage on MiG-21 'Fishbed', MiG-27 'Flogger', MiG-29 'Fulcrum', Su-22 'Fitter', Su-24 'Fencer', Su-25 'Frogfoot', Su-27 'Flanker', Tu-95 'Bear', Tu-16 'Badger', Tu-22 'Blinder' and Tu-22M 'Backfire' aircraft of the Russian and allied air forces.
http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-...ederation.html
Paveway Laser Guided Bomb Kit on a 1000lb bomb
The Paveway™ family of laser guided bombs has revolutionized tactical air-to-ground warfare by converting "dumb" bombs into precision guided munitions. Paveways made up more than half the air-to-ground precision guided weapons used in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Newer versions of Paveway™ include GPS/INS guidance capabilities.
http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/paveway/[/QUOTE]
Cluster Bomb:
CBU-97/CBU-105
General characteristics
* Type: Freefall bomb
* Weight: 927 pounds (420 kg)
* Name: CBU-97 Sensor Fused Weapon (SFW)
* Length: 92 inches (234 cm)
* Diameter: 15.6 inches (40 cm)
* Dispenser: SW-65 tactical dispenser
* Bomblets: 10 × BLU-108/B
* Warhead: Armour Piercing
* Unit Cost: $360,000 - baseline
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBU-97_Sensor_Fuzed_Weapon
RBK-500 SPBE-D CLUSTER BOMB
RBK-500 SPBE-D CLUSTER BOMB
Diameter, mm 450
Length, mm 2,485
Weight, kg 500
Number of submunitions 15
RBK-500U OAB-2.5RT
Diameter, mm 450
Length, mm 2,500
Weight, kg 500
Number of submunitions 126
RBK-500U BETAB-M
Diameter, mm 450
Length, mm 2,500
Weight, kg 480
Number of submunitions 10
RBK-500U-PTAB
Diameter, mm 450
Length, mm 2,500
Weight, kg 520
Number of submunitions 352
RBK-500U OFAB-50UD
Diameter, mm 450
Length, mm 2,500
Weight, kg 520
Number of bomblets 10
Re: PLAAF Offensive Combat readiness
against India
what we need most is assembly
facilities to build more fighters every year.
SEAD- under Strike force
SEAD (
Destruction of airbase`s airdefence AAA, RADAR & SAMs ) under Strike force
SU-30MKI
Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) also known as "Wild Weasels" and "Iron Hand" operations in the USA, are military actions to suppress enemy surface-based air defenses (Surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and anti-aircraft artillery (AAA)), primarily in the first hours of an attack.
SU-30MKI
Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) also known as "Wild Weasels" and "Iron Hand" operations in the USA, are military actions to suppress enemy surface-based air defenses (Surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and anti-aircraft artillery (AAA)), primarily in the first hours of an attack.
KH-31P range over 100kms
The Russian R-27P(AA-10) is the medium range air-to-air
missile varient fitted with the 9B-1032 anti-radiation seeker. Due to its
ability to sneak upon its target undetected by radar warning receiver and
longer effective range OF 80KM
The weapons most often associated with this mission are anti-radiation missiles (ARMs) such as the KH-31P and R-27P. Weapons used for SEAD missions can be anything which damages or destroys a component of an air defense system. A Paveway LGB, for example, is not a SEAD-specific munition but, when used to destroy a radar antenna, it achieves the objective of Suppression of Enemy Air Defense.
RUB 500 Cluster Bombs
CBU-87 general-purpose cluster munition are often used
against these fixed-location SAM sites, often for "clean-up" of a
site whose radar or C&C facilities are first destroyed by a longer-range
ARM or AGM.
Possibly the most effective type of unguided ("dumb") weapon used during SEAD strikes are cluster bombs, because many SAM sites are dispersed over a fairly wide area, in order to increase the difficulty of inflicting serious damage on the battery, and the relative "softness" of the targets (missile launchers, exposed radars, etc.).
EW pods for Fighters
Stealth
Electronic warfare
Electronic warfare (EW) refers to any action involving the use of the electromagnetic spectrum or directed energy to control the spectrum, attack an enemy, or impede enemy assaults via the spectrum. The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent the advantage of, and ensure friendly unimpeded access to, the EM spectrum. EW can be applied from air, sea, land, and space by manned and unmanned systems, and can target communication, radar, or other services. EW includes three major subdivisions: Electronic Attack (EA), Electronic Protection (EP), and Electronic warfare Support (ES).
Electronic warfare
Electronic warfare (EW) refers to any action involving the use of the electromagnetic spectrum or directed energy to control the spectrum, attack an enemy, or impede enemy assaults via the spectrum. The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent the advantage of, and ensure friendly unimpeded access to, the EM spectrum. EW can be applied from air, sea, land, and space by manned and unmanned systems, and can target communication, radar, or other services. EW includes three major subdivisions: Electronic Attack (EA), Electronic Protection (EP), and Electronic warfare Support (ES).
EL/L-8222 self-protection jamming pod (Israel )
http://www.iai.co.il/17917-en/ELTA.aspx
Electronic Protection (EP) (previously known as electronic protective measures (EPM) or electronic counter countermeasures (ECCM)) involves actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability. Jamming is not part of EP, it is an EA measure.
The use of flare rejection logic on an IR missile to counter an adversary’s use of flares is EP. While defensive EA actions and EP both protect personnel, facilities, capabilities, and equipment, EP protects from the EFFECTS of EA (friendly and/or adversary). Other examples of EP include spread spectrum technologies, use of Joint Restricted Frequency List (JRFL), emissions control (EMCON), and low observability or "stealth"
Electronic Protection (EP) (previously known as electronic protective measures (EPM) or electronic counter countermeasures (ECCM)) involves actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability. Jamming is not part of EP, it is an EA measure.
The use of flare rejection logic on an IR missile to counter an adversary’s use of flares is EP. While defensive EA actions and EP both protect personnel, facilities, capabilities, and equipment, EP protects from the EFFECTS of EA (friendly and/or adversary). Other examples of EP include spread spectrum technologies, use of Joint Restricted Frequency List (JRFL), emissions control (EMCON), and low observability or "stealth"
KNIRTI SAP-518 wingtip jamming pod, displayed at MAKS 2009.
Concurrently KNIRTI displayed a high power support jamming pod, the SAP-14,
intended for centreline carriage on a large pylon. To date little has been
disclosed on these pod designs, which are likely to retain the wideband phased
array / lens antenna system first used on the Sorbstiya.
Electronic support
Electronic Warfare Support (ES), is the subdivision of EW involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic (EM) energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition, targeting, planning, and conduct of future operations.
An overlapping discipline, signals intelligence (SIGINT) is the related process of analyzing and identifying the intercepted frequencies (e.g. as a mobile phone or RADAR). SIGINT is broken into three categories: ELINT, COMINT, and FISINT.
Where these activities are under the control of an operational commander and being applied for the purpose of situational awareness, threat recognition, or EM targeting, they also serve the purpose of Electronic Warfare surveillance (ES).
'Tusker' ECM pod has been developed by DRDO,
The jammer is already in service, primarily intended for the MiG-27ML.
Electronic attack
Electronic attack (EA) or electronic countermeasures (ECM) involves the use of the electromagnetic energy, or anti-radiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires
EA operations can be detected by an adversary due to their active transmissions. Many modern EA techniques are considered to be highly classified. Examples of EA include communications jamming, IADS suppression, DE/LASER attack, expendable decoys (e.g., flares and chaff), and counter radio controlled improvised explosive device (C-RCIED) systems.
In strike force SU-30MKI will be equipped with KNIRTI SAP-518 wingtip jamming pod and other fighter will be using EL/L-8222 self-protection jamming pod, The Pods will make strike force invisible to opponents radar..
IAF CAS-Fighters
Indian
Air-force Close support aircraft..
MAPS
As u can see, Arunachal pradesh lack airstrips coz of terrain and under develop, In this situation IAF have at least 30 airbases across northeast to provide CAS, these Airbases are lifeline for IA troops on the ground, In WAR these Airbase will be the top priority of PLAAF strike teams..
Close air support
In military tactics, close air support (CAS) is defined as air action by fixed or rotary winged aircraft against hostile targets that are close to friendly forces, and which requires detailed integration of each air mission with fire and movement of these forces.
The determining factor for CAS is detailed integration, not proximity. CAS may need to be conducted far from friendly forces, if the mission requires detailed integration with the fire and movement of these forces. A closely related subset of air interdiction, battlefield air interdiction denotes interdiction against units with near-term effects on friendly units, but which does not require integration with friendly troop movements. The term "battlefield air interdiction" is not currently used inUS joint doctrine.
Close air support requires excellent coordination with ground forces. In advanced modern militaries, this coordination is typically handled by specialists such as Joint Fires Observers, Joint Terminal Attack Controllers (JTAC)s, and Forward Air Controllers (FAC).
MiG-27M [Flogger] Bahadur
The Mikoyan MiG-27
(Russian: Микоян МиГ-27) (NATO reporting name "Flogger-D/J") is a ground-attack aircraft, originally built by the Mikoyan design bureau in the Soviet Union and later license-produced in India by Hindustan Aeronautics as the Bahadur ("Valiant").This was an export variant of the MiG-27M provided in 1986 to India in knock-down kits for license-assembly. Same as MiG-27M except the undernose fairing for the infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor has a single window instead of several like the one on the original MiG-27M. A total of 130 were assembled byIndia .
General characteristics
* Crew: 1 Pilot only
* Length: 1,708 cm (56 ft 0 in) [2] ()
* Wingspan:
o Spread: 1,397 cm (45 ft 10 in) [2]
o Swept: 778 cm (25 ft 6 in) [2] ()
* Height: 500 cm (16 ft 5 in) [2] ()
* Wing area:
o Spread: 37.35 m2 (402.0 sq ft) [2]
o Swept: 34.16 m2 (367.7 sq ft) [2] ()
* Empty weight: 11,908 kg (26,253 lb) (equipped) [2] ()
* Loaded weight: 20,300 kg (44,800 lb) [2] ()
* Max takeoff weight: 20,670 kg (45,570 lb) ()
* Powerplant: 1× Khatchaturov R-29B-300 afterburning turbojet [2]
o Dry thrust: 78.5 kN (17,650 lbf) [2] ()
o Thrust with afterburner: 112.8 kN (25,360 lbf) [2] ()
Performance
* Maximum speed:
o at sea level: Mach 1.10 (1,350 km/h, 839 mph) [2]
o at 8,000-metre altitude (26,250 ft): Mach 1.77 (1,885 km/h, 1,171 mph) [2]
* Combat radius: 780 km (480 mi) ()
o 540 km (290 nmi; 340 mi) (with two Kh-29 ASMs and three drop tanks lo-lo-lo) [2]
o 225 km (120 nmi; 140 mi) (with two Kh-29 ASMs and no external fuel) [2]
* Ferry range: 2,500 km (1,550 mi) ()
* Service ceiling: 14,000 m (46,000 ft) [2] ()
* Rate of climb: 200 m/s (39,400 ft/min) [2] ()
* Wing loading: 605 kg/m² (123.4 lb/ft²) ()
* Thrust/weight: 0.62
Armament
* Guns:
o 1 × GSh-6-30 30 mm cannon with 260-300 rounds [2]
o installed gun pods for (optional) SPPU-22 and SPPU-6
* Hardpoints: One centerline, four fuselage, and two wing glove pylons with a capacity of 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) [2]
* Missiles: preinstalled rocket pods for various (optional) laser, TV and electro-optically guided ASMs and PGMs [2]
* Bombs: general-purpose bombs (optional)
SEPECAT Jaguar
The SEPECAT Jaguar
Is a short take-off and landing (STOL) jet ground attack aircraft still in service with several export customers, notably the Indian Air Force and the Royal Air Force of Oman..
General characteristics
* Crew: One
* Length: 16.83 m (55 ft 3 in)
* Wingspan: 8.69 m (28 ft 6 in)
* Height: 4.92 m (16 ft 1 in)
* Wing area: 24 m² (258 ft²)
* Empty weight: 7,000 kg (15,400 lb)
* Loaded weight: 11,000 kg (24,250 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 15,700 kg (34,600 lb)
* Powerplant: 2× Rolls-Royce/Turbomeca Adour Mk 102 turbofans, 32.5 kN (7,305 lbf) each
Performance
* Maximum speed: 1,593 km/h, 1055 mph (Mach 1.6)
* Range: 535 km (335 mi)
* Ferry range: 3,525 km (2,190 mi)
* Service ceiling: 14,000 m (46,000 ft)
* Thrust/weight: 0.60
Armament
* Guns: 2× 30 mm (1.18 in) ADEN cannons or DEFA cannons, 150 rounds/gun
* Hardpoints: 5 total: 4× under-wing and 1× center-line pylon stations with a capacity of 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) and provisions to carry combinations of:
o Rockets: 8× Matra rocket pods with 18× SNEB 68 mm rockets each
o Missiles: Anglo-French AS-37 Martel missiles
o Bombs: various
o Other: AN/ALQ-101 ECM protection pod (found only on RAF's Jaguar GR.3/3A),[15] Joint Reconnaissance Pod, external drop tanks for extended range/loitering time
* Missiles: 2× AIM-9 Sidewinders or Matra R550 Magics on overwing pylons (Jaguar International and RAF Jaguars only)
Dassault Mirage 2000
Mirage 2000
India has acquired a total of 51 Mirages, which include 41 single-seater Mirage 2000Hs and 10 two-seater Mirage 2000TH trainers. The Indian Air Force named the Mirage 2000 Vajra (Thunderbolt).India also purchased appropriate
stores along with the fighters, including ATLIS II pods and laser-guided
weapons.
SinceIndia
wanted the fighter quickly, the first part of an initial batch of 26 single-seaters
and 4 two-seaters was shipped to the Indian Air Force (IAF)
beginning in 1985 with the older M53-5 engines. These aircraft were given the
designations of Mirage 2000H5 and Mirage 2000TH5. The second part of this
initial batch consisted of 10 more single-seaters with the M53-P2 engine, with
these aircraft designated Mirage 2000H. All the first batch was reengined with
the M53-P2, with the single-seaters re-designated "Mirage 2000H" and
the two-seaters re-designated Mirage 2000TH. A second batch of six Mirage 2000H
single-seaters and three Mirage 2000TH two-seaters was shipped in 1987-1988.
In 2004, the Indian government approved purchase of ten more Mirage 2000Hs, with these machines featuring improved avionics, particularly an upgraded RDM-7 radar. The Mirage 2000-5 was a contender for a planned Indian Air Force 126 fighter aircraft procurement in which it was competing with the Mikoyan MiG-35, F-16 Fighting Falcon and JAS 39 Gripen. However, Dassault announced it had replaced the Mirage 2000 with the Rafale as the contender for the deal since the Mirage 2000 production line was to be closed.
India
has announced a $1.9 billion program to arm 51 of its Mirage 2000 aircraft with
the MBDA AIM-132 ASRAAM dogfighting missile beginning in 2007. Installation will
require new radar, electronic warfare equipment, and updates to the cockpit and
data bus. Pilot helmets will require addition of a helmet-mounted sight. These
will be the first Mirage aircraft to carry the British missile and Dassault,
Thales, and MBDA are to participate in the effort.[16]
In March 2010, India and France finalized the long delayed deal to upgrade all of India's Mirage-2000H to Mirage-2000-5 Mk 2 variant with new radar systems, a new weapon suite, missiles, electronic warfare system etc.[17] French claim that the combat-proven aircraft will be upgraded to next-generation fighter level.[17]
The first four to six Mirages will be upgraded in France, with the rest 50 or so being upgraded in India by Hindustan Aeronautics under transfer of technology.
Under the upgrade, the entire airframe will be stripped down to be re-wired and re-equipped with new avionics, mission computers, glass cockpits, helmet-mounted displays, electronic warfare suites and of course weapon systems to extend and enhance the operational life of the multi-role fighters by around 20 years.
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 14.36 m (47 ft 1 in)
* Wingspan: 9.13 m (29 ft)
* Height: 5.20 m (17 ft)
* Wing area: 41 m² (441.3 ft²)
* Empty weight: 7,500 kg (16,350 lb)
* Loaded weight: 13,800 kg (30,420 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 17,000 kg (37,500 lb)
* Powerplant: 1× SNECMA M53-P2 afterburning turbofan
o Dry thrust: 64.3 kN (14,500 lbf)
o Thrust with afterburner: 95.1 kN (21,400 lbf)
Performance
* Maximum speed: Mach 2.2 (2,333+ km/h, 1,450+ mph) at high altitude/ 1,110 km/h (690 mph) at low altitude
* Range: 1,550 km (837 nmi, 963 mi) with drop tanks
* Ferry range: 3,335 km (1,800 nmi, 2,073 mi) with auxiliary fuel
* Service ceiling: 17,060 m (59,000 ft)
* Rate of climb: 285 m/s (56,000 ft/min)
* Wing loading: 337 kg/m² (69 lb/ft²)
* Thrust/weight: 0.91
Armament
* Guns: 2× 30 mm (1.18 in) DEFA 554 revolver cannon, 125 rounds per gun
* Hardpoints: 9 total (4× under-wing, 5× under-fuselage) with a capacity of 6,300 kg (13,900 lb) external fuel and ordnance
* Rockets: Matra 68 mm unguided rocket pods, 18 rockets per pod
* Missiles:
o Air-to-air missiles:
+ 6× MBDA MICA IR/RF
+ 2× Matra R550 Magic-II and 2× Matra Super 530D
o Air-to-surface missiles:
+ 2× AM.39 Exocet
+ 2× AS-30L laser guided missile
+ 1× ASMP tactical nuclear cruise missile
* Bombs: 9× Mk.82
Avionics
* Thomson-CSF RDY (Radar Doppler Multi-target) radar
MAPS
As u can see, Arunachal pradesh lack airstrips coz of terrain and under develop, In this situation IAF have at least 30 airbases across northeast to provide CAS, these Airbases are lifeline for IA troops on the ground, In WAR these Airbase will be the top priority of PLAAF strike teams..
Close air support
In military tactics, close air support (CAS) is defined as air action by fixed or rotary winged aircraft against hostile targets that are close to friendly forces, and which requires detailed integration of each air mission with fire and movement of these forces.
The determining factor for CAS is detailed integration, not proximity. CAS may need to be conducted far from friendly forces, if the mission requires detailed integration with the fire and movement of these forces. A closely related subset of air interdiction, battlefield air interdiction denotes interdiction against units with near-term effects on friendly units, but which does not require integration with friendly troop movements. The term "battlefield air interdiction" is not currently used in
Close air support requires excellent coordination with ground forces. In advanced modern militaries, this coordination is typically handled by specialists such as Joint Fires Observers, Joint Terminal Attack Controllers (JTAC)s, and Forward Air Controllers (FAC).
MiG-27M [Flogger] Bahadur
The Mikoyan MiG-27
(Russian: Микоян МиГ-27) (NATO reporting name "Flogger-D/J") is a ground-attack aircraft, originally built by the Mikoyan design bureau in the Soviet Union and later license-produced in India by Hindustan Aeronautics as the Bahadur ("Valiant").This was an export variant of the MiG-27M provided in 1986 to India in knock-down kits for license-assembly. Same as MiG-27M except the undernose fairing for the infra-red search and track (IRST) sensor has a single window instead of several like the one on the original MiG-27M. A total of 130 were assembled by
General characteristics
* Crew: 1 Pilot only
* Length: 1,708 cm (56 ft 0 in) [2] ()
* Wingspan:
o Spread: 1,397 cm (45 ft 10 in) [2]
o Swept: 778 cm (25 ft 6 in) [2] ()
* Height: 500 cm (16 ft 5 in) [2] ()
* Wing area:
o Spread: 37.35 m2 (402.0 sq ft) [2]
o Swept: 34.16 m2 (367.7 sq ft) [2] ()
* Empty weight: 11,908 kg (26,253 lb) (equipped) [2] ()
* Loaded weight: 20,300 kg (44,800 lb) [2] ()
* Max takeoff weight: 20,670 kg (45,570 lb) ()
* Powerplant: 1× Khatchaturov R-29B-300 afterburning turbojet [2]
o Dry thrust: 78.5 kN (17,650 lbf) [2] ()
o Thrust with afterburner: 112.8 kN (25,360 lbf) [2] ()
Performance
* Maximum speed:
o at sea level: Mach 1.10 (1,350 km/h, 839 mph) [2]
o at 8,000-metre altitude (26,250 ft): Mach 1.77 (1,885 km/h, 1,171 mph) [2]
* Combat radius: 780 km (480 mi) ()
o 540 km (290 nmi; 340 mi) (with two Kh-29 ASMs and three drop tanks lo-lo-lo) [2]
o 225 km (120 nmi; 140 mi) (with two Kh-29 ASMs and no external fuel) [2]
* Ferry range: 2,500 km (1,550 mi) ()
* Service ceiling: 14,000 m (46,000 ft) [2] ()
* Rate of climb: 200 m/s (39,400 ft/min) [2] ()
* Wing loading: 605 kg/m² (123.4 lb/ft²) ()
* Thrust/weight: 0.62
Armament
* Guns:
o 1 × GSh-6-30 30 mm cannon with 260-300 rounds [2]
o installed gun pods for (optional) SPPU-22 and SPPU-6
* Hardpoints: One centerline, four fuselage, and two wing glove pylons with a capacity of 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) [2]
* Missiles: preinstalled rocket pods for various (optional) laser, TV and electro-optically guided ASMs and PGMs [2]
* Bombs: general-purpose bombs (optional)
SEPECAT Jaguar
The SEPECAT Jaguar
Is a short take-off and landing (STOL) jet ground attack aircraft still in service with several export customers, notably the Indian Air Force and the Royal Air Force of Oman..
General characteristics
* Crew: One
* Length: 16.83 m (55 ft 3 in)
* Wingspan: 8.69 m (28 ft 6 in)
* Height: 4.92 m (16 ft 1 in)
* Wing area: 24 m² (258 ft²)
* Empty weight: 7,000 kg (15,400 lb)
* Loaded weight: 11,000 kg (24,250 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 15,700 kg (34,600 lb)
* Powerplant: 2× Rolls-Royce/Turbomeca Adour Mk 102 turbofans, 32.5 kN (7,305 lbf) each
Performance
* Maximum speed: 1,593 km/h, 1055 mph (Mach 1.6)
* Range: 535 km (335 mi)
* Ferry range: 3,525 km (2,190 mi)
* Service ceiling: 14,000 m (46,000 ft)
* Thrust/weight: 0.60
Armament
* Guns: 2× 30 mm (1.18 in) ADEN cannons or DEFA cannons, 150 rounds/gun
* Hardpoints: 5 total: 4× under-wing and 1× center-line pylon stations with a capacity of 10,000 lb (4,500 kg) and provisions to carry combinations of:
o Rockets: 8× Matra rocket pods with 18× SNEB 68 mm rockets each
o Missiles: Anglo-French AS-37 Martel missiles
o Bombs: various
o Other: AN/ALQ-101 ECM protection pod (found only on RAF's Jaguar GR.3/3A),[15] Joint Reconnaissance Pod, external drop tanks for extended range/loitering time
* Missiles: 2× AIM-9 Sidewinders or Matra R550 Magics on overwing pylons (Jaguar International and RAF Jaguars only)
Dassault Mirage 2000
Mirage 2000
India has acquired a total of 51 Mirages, which include 41 single-seater Mirage 2000Hs and 10 two-seater Mirage 2000TH trainers. The Indian Air Force named the Mirage 2000 Vajra (Thunderbolt).
Since
In 2004, the Indian government approved purchase of ten more Mirage 2000Hs, with these machines featuring improved avionics, particularly an upgraded RDM-7 radar. The Mirage 2000-5 was a contender for a planned Indian Air Force 126 fighter aircraft procurement in which it was competing with the Mikoyan MiG-35, F-16 Fighting Falcon and JAS 39 Gripen. However, Dassault announced it had replaced the Mirage 2000 with the Rafale as the contender for the deal since the Mirage 2000 production line was to be closed.
In March 2010, India and France finalized the long delayed deal to upgrade all of India's Mirage-2000H to Mirage-2000-5 Mk 2 variant with new radar systems, a new weapon suite, missiles, electronic warfare system etc.[17] French claim that the combat-proven aircraft will be upgraded to next-generation fighter level.[17]
The first four to six Mirages will be upgraded in France, with the rest 50 or so being upgraded in India by Hindustan Aeronautics under transfer of technology.
Under the upgrade, the entire airframe will be stripped down to be re-wired and re-equipped with new avionics, mission computers, glass cockpits, helmet-mounted displays, electronic warfare suites and of course weapon systems to extend and enhance the operational life of the multi-role fighters by around 20 years.
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 14.36 m (47 ft 1 in)
* Wingspan: 9.13 m (29 ft)
* Height: 5.20 m (17 ft)
* Wing area: 41 m² (441.3 ft²)
* Empty weight: 7,500 kg (16,350 lb)
* Loaded weight: 13,800 kg (30,420 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 17,000 kg (37,500 lb)
* Powerplant: 1× SNECMA M53-P2 afterburning turbofan
o Dry thrust: 64.3 kN (14,500 lbf)
o Thrust with afterburner: 95.1 kN (21,400 lbf)
Performance
* Maximum speed: Mach 2.2 (2,333+ km/h, 1,450+ mph) at high altitude/ 1,110 km/h (690 mph) at low altitude
* Range: 1,550 km (837 nmi, 963 mi) with drop tanks
* Ferry range: 3,335 km (1,800 nmi, 2,073 mi) with auxiliary fuel
* Service ceiling: 17,060 m (59,000 ft)
* Rate of climb: 285 m/s (56,000 ft/min)
* Wing loading: 337 kg/m² (69 lb/ft²)
* Thrust/weight: 0.91
Armament
* Guns: 2× 30 mm (1.18 in) DEFA 554 revolver cannon, 125 rounds per gun
* Hardpoints: 9 total (4× under-wing, 5× under-fuselage) with a capacity of 6,300 kg (13,900 lb) external fuel and ordnance
* Rockets: Matra 68 mm unguided rocket pods, 18 rockets per pod
* Missiles:
o Air-to-air missiles:
+ 6× MBDA MICA IR/RF
+ 2× Matra R550 Magic-II and 2× Matra Super 530D
o Air-to-surface missiles:
+ 2× AM.39 Exocet
+ 2× AS-30L laser guided missile
+ 1× ASMP tactical nuclear cruise missile
* Bombs: 9× Mk.82
Avionics
* Thomson-CSF RDY (Radar Doppler Multi-target) radar
I.A.F
SEAD-AIRCRAFTS
MAPS
MiG-27M [Flogger] Bahadur
Mig-27ML is workhorse of IAF ground attack fleet, Recent upgrade gave it anti-radiation and Missile strike capability, MIG-27 can fire KH-29 and KH-31P anti-radiation missile, the aircraft also updated with new ECM suit and can use cluster bomb and LGB..
General characteristics
* Crew: 1 Pilot only
* Length: 1,708 cm (56 ft 0 in) [2] ()
* Wingspan:
o Spread: 1,397 cm (45 ft 10 in) [2]
o Swept: 778 cm (25 ft 6 in) [2] ()
* Height: 500 cm (16 ft 5 in) [2] ()
* Wing area:
o Spread: 37.35 m2 (402.0 sq ft) [2]
o Swept: 34.16 m2 (367.7 sq ft) [2] ()
* Empty weight: 11,908 kg (26,253 lb) (equipped) [2] ()
* Loaded weight: 20,300 kg (44,800 lb) [2] ()
* Max takeoff weight: 20,670 kg (45,570 lb) ()
* Powerplant: 1× Khatchaturov R-29B-300 afterburning turbojet [2]
o Dry thrust: 78.5 kN (17,650 lbf) [2] ()
o Thrust with afterburner: 112.8 kN (25,360 lbf) [2] ()
Performance
* Maximum speed:
o at sea level: Mach 1.10 (1,350 km/h, 839 mph) [2]
o at 8,000-metre altitude (26,250 ft): Mach 1.77 (1,885 km/h, 1,171 mph) [2]
* Combat radius: 780 km (480 mi) ()
o 540 km (290 nmi; 340 mi) (with two Kh-29 ASMs and three drop tanks lo-lo-lo) [2]
o 225 km (120 nmi; 140 mi) (with two Kh-29 ASMs and no external fuel) [2]
* Ferry range: 2,500 km (1,550 mi) ()
* Service ceiling: 14,000 m (46,000 ft) [2] ()
* Rate of climb: 200 m/s (39,400 ft/min) [2] ()
* Wing loading: 605 kg/m² (123.4 lb/ft²) ()
* Thrust/weight: 0.62
Armament
* Guns:
o 1 × GSh-6-30 30 mm cannon with 260-300 rounds [2]
* Hardpoints: One centerline, four fuselage, and two wing glove pylons with a capacity of 4,000 kg (8,800 lb)
* Missiles: preinstalled rocket pods for various (optional) laser, TV and electro-optically guided ASMs and PGMs
* Bombs: general-purpose bombs (optional)
KH-29TE/L
KH-29TE/L
The Molniya Kh-29 / AS-14 Kedge is a Russian supersonic equivalent to the French AS.30 and US AGM-65 Maverick, and is primarily intended for interdiction and close air support, and maritime strike roles. An APU-58 or AKU-58 launcher is used, on the Su-27/30 Flanker (up to 6 rounds), the MiG-27 Flogger (2 rounds), Su-17/22 Fitter (2 rounds) and Su-24M Fencer (3 round). Multiple variants exist.
The Kh-28L (Izdeliye 63 or AS-14A) is a semi-active laser homing variant used in the manner of the AS.30L, with a 24N1 seeker. The Kh-29T (Izdeliye 64 or AS-14B) is an electro-optical variant with a TV datalink and command uplink, using the APK-9 Tekon pod. The Kh-29TE is an enhanced variant. The Kh-29D is another EO variant, equipped with a thermal imaging seeker.
Launch weight for most variants is around 1,500 lb, with a 700 lb warhead being used most often. Range is usually cited at 16 nautical miles for a high altitude launch.
http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Regio...mozTocId962991
KH-31P
Kh-31P - passive seeker head for use as an anti-radiation missile. Stays at high altitude throughout its flight, allowing higher speeds and increasing range to 110 km (60 nmi; 70 mi). The seeker has three interchangeable modules to cover different radar frequency bands, but they can only be changed at the factory.
MAPS
MiG-27M [Flogger] Bahadur
Mig-27ML is workhorse of IAF ground attack fleet, Recent upgrade gave it anti-radiation and Missile strike capability, MIG-27 can fire KH-29 and KH-31P anti-radiation missile, the aircraft also updated with new ECM suit and can use cluster bomb and LGB..
General characteristics
* Crew: 1 Pilot only
* Length: 1,708 cm (56 ft 0 in) [2] ()
* Wingspan:
o Spread: 1,397 cm (45 ft 10 in) [2]
o Swept: 778 cm (25 ft 6 in) [2] ()
* Height: 500 cm (16 ft 5 in) [2] ()
* Wing area:
o Spread: 37.35 m2 (402.0 sq ft) [2]
o Swept: 34.16 m2 (367.7 sq ft) [2] ()
* Empty weight: 11,908 kg (26,253 lb) (equipped) [2] ()
* Loaded weight: 20,300 kg (44,800 lb) [2] ()
* Max takeoff weight: 20,670 kg (45,570 lb) ()
* Powerplant: 1× Khatchaturov R-29B-300 afterburning turbojet [2]
o Dry thrust: 78.5 kN (17,650 lbf) [2] ()
o Thrust with afterburner: 112.8 kN (25,360 lbf) [2] ()
Performance
* Maximum speed:
o at sea level: Mach 1.10 (1,350 km/h, 839 mph) [2]
o at 8,000-metre altitude (26,250 ft): Mach 1.77 (1,885 km/h, 1,171 mph) [2]
* Combat radius: 780 km (480 mi) ()
o 540 km (290 nmi; 340 mi) (with two Kh-29 ASMs and three drop tanks lo-lo-lo) [2]
o 225 km (120 nmi; 140 mi) (with two Kh-29 ASMs and no external fuel) [2]
* Ferry range: 2,500 km (1,550 mi) ()
* Service ceiling: 14,000 m (46,000 ft) [2] ()
* Rate of climb: 200 m/s (39,400 ft/min) [2] ()
* Wing loading: 605 kg/m² (123.4 lb/ft²) ()
* Thrust/weight: 0.62
Armament
* Guns:
o 1 × GSh-6-30 30 mm cannon with 260-300 rounds [2]
* Hardpoints: One centerline, four fuselage, and two wing glove pylons with a capacity of 4,000 kg (8,800 lb)
* Missiles: preinstalled rocket pods for various (optional) laser, TV and electro-optically guided ASMs and PGMs
* Bombs: general-purpose bombs (optional)
KH-29TE/L
KH-29TE/L
The Molniya Kh-29 / AS-14 Kedge is a Russian supersonic equivalent to the French AS.30 and US AGM-65 Maverick, and is primarily intended for interdiction and close air support, and maritime strike roles. An APU-58 or AKU-58 launcher is used, on the Su-27/30 Flanker (up to 6 rounds), the MiG-27 Flogger (2 rounds), Su-17/22 Fitter (2 rounds) and Su-24M Fencer (3 round). Multiple variants exist.
The Kh-28L (Izdeliye 63 or AS-14A) is a semi-active laser homing variant used in the manner of the AS.30L, with a 24N1 seeker. The Kh-29T (Izdeliye 64 or AS-14B) is an electro-optical variant with a TV datalink and command uplink, using the APK-9 Tekon pod. The Kh-29TE is an enhanced variant. The Kh-29D is another EO variant, equipped with a thermal imaging seeker.
Launch weight for most variants is around 1,500 lb, with a 700 lb warhead being used most often. Range is usually cited at 16 nautical miles for a high altitude launch.
http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Regio...mozTocId962991
KH-31P
Kh-31P - passive seeker head for use as an anti-radiation missile. Stays at high altitude throughout its flight, allowing higher speeds and increasing range to 110 km (60 nmi; 70 mi). The seeker has three interchangeable modules to cover different radar frequency bands, but they can only be changed at the factory.
· EW pods/systems of the Indian Air Force
Let's talk about IAF's present and future EW systems,
excluding early warning types like RWR, MAWS etc.
IAF had an integrated EW project called Tempest like Samyukta for the Army and Sangrah for the Navy but little info available about the project.
EL/L-8222
jammer on board Su-30MKI, Mig-21 Bison and Mig-27
Main Objectives
* Enhance survivability of fighters and other military aircraft by suppressing multiple threats in dense radar-guided weapon systems environment.
* Protect the aircraft against all types of traditional and modern Air-to-Air & Surface-to-Air threats.
Main Advantages
* Cutting-edge Exciter and Receiver.
* Lightweight, low-drag pod configuration.
* Suitable for aircraft of any size.
* Hundreds of ELTA's Self-Protection Jamming Pods are deployed worldwide. Operational on-board F-16, F-15, F-111, F-4, F-5, A-4, Jaguar, and Eastern fighters.
* Easily integrated with aircraft avionics via reduced dimensions and electrical and mechanical interface flexibility.
* Using PC-based equipment and user-friendly human machine interface, threats and jamming techniques may be easily updated or added.
* Flight line re-programmable.
* Incorporates modern design architecture and advanced technologies, based on ELTA's field proven experience of more than 30 years in the design and manufacturing of EW Systems and on operational feedback.
IAF had an integrated EW project called Tempest like Samyukta for the Army and Sangrah for the Navy but little info available about the project.
EL/L-8222
jammer on board Su-30MKI, Mig-21 Bison and Mig-27
Main Objectives
* Enhance survivability of fighters and other military aircraft by suppressing multiple threats in dense radar-guided weapon systems environment.
* Protect the aircraft against all types of traditional and modern Air-to-Air & Surface-to-Air threats.
Main Advantages
* Cutting-edge Exciter and Receiver.
* Lightweight, low-drag pod configuration.
* Suitable for aircraft of any size.
* Hundreds of ELTA's Self-Protection Jamming Pods are deployed worldwide. Operational on-board F-16, F-15, F-111, F-4, F-5, A-4, Jaguar, and Eastern fighters.
* Easily integrated with aircraft avionics via reduced dimensions and electrical and mechanical interface flexibility.
* Using PC-based equipment and user-friendly human machine interface, threats and jamming techniques may be easily updated or added.
* Flight line re-programmable.
* Incorporates modern design architecture and advanced technologies, based on ELTA's field proven experience of more than 30 years in the design and manufacturing of EW Systems and on operational feedback.
EW version of LCA Tejas
SIVA High Accuracy Direction Finding (HADF) and Tusker jammer pods
SIVA High Accuracy Direction Finding (HADF) and Tusker jammer pods
Knirti SAP 14 and SAP 218
The SAP-518 is an advanced jamming pod intended for heavy strike fighters such as Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-30MK, and Su-32/34 and Indian Air Force Su-30MKI. Its primary mission is to jam advanced air defenses during ground attack missions imitating electronic signatures of various aircraft while generating false targets within enemy sensors. The SAP-518 covers NATO surface-to-air and air-to-air threats in the G-J bands and is deployed in two underwing or wingtip pods. Installed on a single aircraft along with the SAP-14 jamming pod is considered similar to the United States ALQ-99 jamming system installed on the EA-6B Prowler and EA-18G Growler electronic attack aircraft. The electronic warfare system has been developed and manufactured by the Kaluzhsky Scientific Research Radio-Technical Institute (KNIRTI). Its existence was revealed at the MAKS 2009 airshow.
The SAP-518 is an advanced jamming pod intended for heavy strike fighters such as Russian Air Force Sukhoi Su-30MK, and Su-32/34 and Indian Air Force Su-30MKI. Its primary mission is to jam advanced air defenses during ground attack missions imitating electronic signatures of various aircraft while generating false targets within enemy sensors. The SAP-518 covers NATO surface-to-air and air-to-air threats in the G-J bands and is deployed in two underwing or wingtip pods. Installed on a single aircraft along with the SAP-14 jamming pod is considered similar to the United States ALQ-99 jamming system installed on the EA-6B Prowler and EA-18G Growler electronic attack aircraft. The electronic warfare system has been developed and manufactured by the Kaluzhsky Scientific Research Radio-Technical Institute (KNIRTI). Its existence was revealed at the MAKS 2009 airshow.
Mirage-2000 upgrades
THANX bro.But I think you forgot the 4th generation EWS being developed by DARE.The prototype is already being tested onboard a Mig 27.It uses a powerful processor,a rwr,maws and an active barrage jammer with Digital Radio Frequency Memory device and multiple GaN transponders as its emitters.According to DARE when ready it will enable the fighters to jam enemy comunications,multiple radars and datalinks of fighters,AWACS and BVRAAMs rendering them useless.Besides traditionals home on jam missiles that can switch on to passive mode are less effective against this system because they are mostly designed against noise jamming.Besides accoqding to DARE scientists the onboard processor is 'smart' enough to detect sudden fall of emition from the missile seeker when it turns in passive mode and can switch off itself in fraction of a second so that the missile hopefully lost its lock.I am eagerly waiting for this system to come in active service.Our fighters will become near invincible.
REGARDS....
THANX bro.But I think you forgot the 4th generation EWS being developed by DARE.The prototype is already being tested onboard a Mig 27.It uses a powerful processor,a rwr,maws and an active barrage jammer with Digital Radio Frequency Memory device and multiple GaN transponders as its emitters.According to DARE when ready it will enable the fighters to jam enemy comunications,multiple radars and datalinks of fighters,AWACS and BVRAAMs rendering them useless.Besides traditionals home on jam missiles that can switch on to passive mode are less effective against this system because they are mostly designed against noise jamming.Besides accoqding to DARE scientists the onboard processor is 'smart' enough to detect sudden fall of emition from the missile seeker when it turns in passive mode and can switch off itself in fraction of a second so that the missile hopefully lost its lock.I am eagerly waiting for this system to come in active service.Our fighters will become near invincible.
REGARDS....
Well said but do you think that the EW version of the LCA
could be the Mayavi? And there is little or no info about the new EW tested on
the Mig-27.
Original
Post By Kinetic
Well,the article said about a next generation radar based
EWS.Now if you remember there was a thread started bx ganimi kawa in which
V.K.Saraswat told that LRDE has developed solid state GaN t/r modules for AESA
radar and next generation EWS.And even the older Tempest jammer(capable of
noise,barrage and deception jamming)uses DRFM device.This device can not only
produce the most precise copy of an incoming radar frequency for effective
jaming but the onboard processor also enable the system to detect sudden drop
of power when an anti radar missile turns off its active seeker and automaticly
stops the jammers so that the home on jam system fails.So even the older system
has this we can safely assume for the next.Don't you agree??
posted by ajeeshchampakkara @ 5:19 AM
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